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2005). In There is growing evidence that changes in structural and functional traits in temperate woody species can affect the role of the forests as C sinks or sources (Clark 2004). 2012). The timing of bud burst and the total leaf number are the determinants of growth. Is there evidence for the post‐invasion evolution of increased size among invasive plant species? In contrast, no significant difference in growth among populations within each type (native Chinese or invasive US population type) was found on RHR, LB, SB, AGB and TB throughout the experiment (Table 3). Thus, it could also be an effective approach for testing the EICA hypothesis and may increase our understanding of invasion mechanisms and the invasion process. The objective of this study was to identify physiological and morphological traits that may contribute toward higher WUE in RS. Physiological and morphological traits have a considerable impact on the biomass production of fast-growing trees. In particular, RSR, TLA and A were identified as the three most powerful functional traits in the discriminant analysis. Although no significant difference in net CO2 A between native and invasive populations was found for the invasive tropical shrub C. hirta (DeWalt et al. The differences in the morphology, anatomic structure and physiological characteristics of the heteromorphic leaves of P. euphratica are related to ontogenesis stage and coronal position. This genetic shift suggests that relatively more mass was allocated to photosynthetic tissues for the invasive populations, but more mass to the root growth for the native populations. For investigating genotypic differences in the production potential of Populus tremula L., we grew aspen plants of six full-sib families under optimal water and nutrient conditions and analysed more than 20 physiological and morphological traits with a potential impact on productivity. Significant differences in SLA and RSR between native and invasive population types were found on June 19 and July 29, but they did not differ among populations within each type (Tables 2 and 3). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.05.013. Description Euryodendron excelsum is a rare and endangered evergreen tree in South China. Effects of nitrogen addition on the correlation between morphological and physiological traits The fine root morphology can reflect the fine root physiology of plants, and their relationship can reflect the strategies of plants adapting to the soil environment. Comparative morphology analyses the patterns and structures within the body plan of an organism and forms the basis of taxonomic categorization. In addition, correlations were found among leaf morphology, anatomical structure, and physiological index parameters indicating that they changed with path order and tree height gradient. A previous study supported this result that traits belonging to the same suite of characters tended to be more phenotypically correlated than those from different suites (Waitt and Levin 1998 ). Please check your email for instructions on resetting your password. ( 2002 ). The morphological traits measured for this experiment included plant height (PH), spike length (SPL), and number of spikelet per spike (NSPS). The between-family variation in growth-related morphological traits was much larger than that in physiological traits (coefficient of genetic variation 4–29% vs. 0–4%). to specific attack by soil pathogens to native Chinese populations) due to non‐sterilized soil from the native range used in this study could have contributed to growth differences between two population types. Leaf plasticityThe plasticity index of anatomical (PI a ), morphological (PI m ) and physiological (PI p ) leaf traits for each species, was calculated by the differences between the minimum and the maximum mean value between the two types of leaves (i.e. Based on a review of the previous studies that compared the root : shoot ratio of exotic plants and the native plants that they displace, Ehrenfeld (2003) proposed that lower RSR is closely associated with the increased size and growth rate of invasive plants. Some studies have suggested that herbivory pressure has significant impacts on biomass allocation between below‐ and above‐ground (Strauss & Agrawal 1999; Gassmann 2004). Selection programmes should focus on the considerable intraspecific variation in L and BB in order to increase yield. Differentiation of these The significance of the correlations between different parameters was determined by bivariate correlations based on Pearson's correlation (two‐tailed). Some previous studies on Sapium indicated that greater performance and competitive ability of invasive populations relative to native populations were independent of soil nutrients (Zou et al. Lower RSR is supported by the result of a previous 4‐month pot experiment indicating that higher soil nitrogen availability and soil nitrogen uptake by plants were associated with invasive populations rather than native populations of Sapium (Zou et al. RS showed the smallest stomatal conductance and used Specific leaf area (SLA) or LAR as indicators of photosynthetic surface area per unit investment in leaf tissue or in whole plant are often positively associated with rapid growth rates. Pairwise correlation analyses showed that RSR was the variable most strongly correlated with the first canonical during the early growth stage (Table 4), which supported the univariate analyses showing that invasive population types had significantly lower RSR than native population types on June 19 (Tables 2 and 3). 2012b, Kurepin et al. Seedling morphological traits (height and total leaf area) were analyzed during the first growing year. 2006). The study was carried out with five populations from different geographical areas and covering an aridity gradient. This suggests that Aa and TLA accounted for distinguishing invasive population types from native population types of Sapium (Table 4). Understanding the relationship between yield and morphological and physiological characteristics is an important objective in crop breeding. The mean plasticity index (PI) was calculated by averaging the plasticity index for all the selected anatomical (PI a ), morphological (PI m) and physiological (PI p) leaf traits between PO and PU, and within plants of each group (i.e. Even though the genetic constitution had a significant effect on eight morphological (leaf and root-related) traits, we found no relation between the genetic differences between any two families and the corresponding growth … Local maladaptation (e.g. This difference is related to the two species' differing life forms. Plants were subjected to two water regimes, by supplying either 100% (well-watered) or 50% (water-stressed) of their transpirational water needs. More than 20 physiological and morphological traits were analysed. Functional evenness patterns of morphological and physiological traits strongly correlate at small scales, for example with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.54 at 12 m radius. Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2009 Abstract To better understand the strategies and mechanisms of invading plants in tallgrass prairie, physiological and morphological characteristics of the invasive Lespedeza cuneata were compared to the dominant and abundant natives Ambrosia psilostac-hya and Andropogon gerardii. 2006). Morphological leaf traits were more plastic in relation to the environmental differences of the species occurrence, to the detriment of physiological traits, which varied little. Correlation analysis indicates a significant correlation within leaf morphological or physiological traits, while no significant correlation was detected between these two categories of traits. Yield is the most important economic characteristic in pomegranate and is often recorded to vary greatly in different pomegranate genotypes. This suggests that other genetic shifts in morphological and physiological traits found in this study may also be independent of environmental conditions. 2006), when native and invasive populations were compared in a common garden study. US1, US2, US3 and US4 are four invasive US populations, and CH1, CH2, CH3 and CH4 represent four native Chinese populations. Lower RSR of invasive populations relative to native populations may reflect a genetic shift as an evolutionary response to the absence of natural enemies in the introduced range. As a limited number of lines in two contrasted genetic backgrounds were used to calculate the Pearson coefficient of correlation, the impact of the genetic background was tested. We hypothesized that E. excelsum plants can adapt to different environments by changing their morphological and physiological traits. Although few studies have concentrated on changes in plant morphological and physiological traits between native and invasive populations of introduced plants, investigation of shifts in plant functional traits may provide better insights into strategies that invasive plants use to achieve their fast growing rates. Introduction, impact on native habitats, and management of a wood invader, the Chinese tallow tree, Relatedness and environment affect traits associated with invasive and noninvasive introduced commelinaceae, Variation in growth pattern and response to slug damage among native and invasive provenances of four perennial Brassicaceae species, Invasive plants versus their new and old neighbors: a mechanism for exotic invasion, Performance comparisons of co‐occurring native and alien invasive plants: implications for conservation and restoration, Reduced herbivore resistance in introduced smooth cordgrass (, Fluctuating resources in plant communities: a general theory of invisibility, Biomass allocation, growth, and photosynthesis of population types from the native and introduced ranges of the tropical shrub, Microsatellite markers for an invasive tetraploid tree, Chinese Tallow (, Photosynthesis, photoinhibition, and nitrogen use efficiency in native and invasive tree ferns in Hawaii, Effect of exotic plant invasion on soil nutrient cycling processes, The Ecology of Invasion by Animals and Plants, Effects of photosynthetic efficiency and water availability on tolerance of leaf removal in, Initial effects of experimental warming on above‐ and belowground components of net ecosystem CO, Toward a causal explanation of plant invasiveness: seedling growth and life‐history strategies of 29 pine (, Sink‐stimulated photosynthesis, increased transpiration and increased demand‐dependent stimulation of nitrate uptake: nitrogen and carbon relations in the parasitic association, Photosynthetic characteristics of invasive and noninvasive species of, The evolutionary impact of invasive species, Can gas‐exchange characteristics help explain the invasive success of, Growth, biomass allocation and photosynthesis of invasive and native Hawaiian rainforest species, Predicting invasions of woody plants introduced into North America. 2005). The anatomical characteristics of the vessel elements as well as the physiological and morphological traits of leaves were noticeably different among provenances. 1), and, therefore, may be important factors contributing to its invasive success in the introduced range. Enter your email address below and we will send you your username, If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username, By continuing to browse this site, you agree to its use of cookies as described in our, I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of Use. Physiological traits (net In the past decade, a number of studies have attempted to test the EICA hypothesis, and they have produced inconsistent results (Daehler & Strong 1997; Willis & Blossey 1999; Willis, Memmott & Forrester 2000; Thebaud & Simberloff 2001; Bossdorf et al. However, differences in plant variables between native and invasive populations became more apparent over time (Tables 2 and 3). For example, domestication has brought about a reduction in the size of the skeleton, brain, spinal cord and eyes of the rabbit and increased the weight of the pelage, certain muscle parts and fatty tissue. 2006), the results of this study are generally in support of the EICA hypothesis suggesting that Sapium has evolved to be a fast‐growing plant in response to the absence of herbivores in the introduced range. Measurements of diurnal water relations characteristics of plants during 2 sunny days in August showed little difference in the magnitude or pattern of water potential between the two species. Origin statistical software (PCA analysis) was used to determine the correlations between physiological and morphological traits, and to perform principal component analysis of the traits. Plots for discriminant analysis ordination of four invasive US and four native Chinese populations based on morphological and physiological traits shown in Tables 2 and 3. Morphology is broadly categorized into three branches. Measurements of most morphological and physiological traits are generally consistent with our prediction, except for no significant difference in RHR, TLN and RD throughout the experiment. On the contrary, all seedlings grew healthily until the harvest. the morphological, anatomical, and physiological traits of E. excelsum plants at the augmentation vs. introduction sites. Indeed, final harvest shoot mass (AGB) and total mass (TB) of the invasive US populations of Sapium were significantly greater than those of the native Chinese populations by the end of the experiment, although some growth variables such as RHR and TLN did not significantly differ. Several previous common garden studies have found differences in leaf traits between native and invasive populations of introduced plants. Although the expression of many plant traits is environment dependent, and the performance of invasive species relative to native species, or invasive populations relative to native populations of introduced plants, can differ with environments (Schweitzer & Larson 1999; Daehler 2003; DeWalt et al. Second, the EICA hypothesis proposes that invasive populations would be more frequently attacked than native populations because they are expected to be less well defended against soil pathogens. Such genetic shifts in morphological and physiological traits were also partially found on L. salicaria (Bastlová & Květ 2002), R. ponticum (Erfmeier & Bruelheide 2004, 2005), Barbarea vulgaris and Rorippa austriace (Buschmann et al. Effects of simulated herbivory and resource availability on native and invasive exotic tree seedlings, Invasive ecotypes tolerate herbivory more effectively than native ecotypes of the Chinese tallow tree, Herbivory tolerance and compensatory differences in native and invasive ecotypes of Chinese tallow tree (, In search of the characteristics of plant invaders, Biological Invasions in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin, Effects of herbivory on growth and biomass allocation in native and introduced species of, Greater morphological plasticity of exotic honeysuckle species may make them better invaders than native species, Plasticity and gentic diversity may allow saltcedar to invade cold climates in North America, Genetic differences in growth of an invasive tree species, Reduced resistance of invasive varieties of the alien tree, Increased competitive ability of an invasive tree may be limited by an invasive beetle, Changes in light and nitrogen availability under pioneer trees may indirectly facilitate tree invasions of grasslands, Physiological and morphological traits of exotic, invasive exotic, and ntive plant species in tallgrass prairie, The ecology and evolution of plant tolerance to herbivory. In contrast, RD did not differ between native and invasive populations throughout the experiment, while a significant variation among populations within each type was found on July 29 and September 7, 2005. PIo and PIu, respectively), according to Valladares et al. However, invasive Sapium plants have showed greater performance when they were compared with native tree species under different soil nutrients, water regimes and light conditions (Rogers & Siemann 2002; Siemann & Rogers 2003c; Butterfield, Rogers & Siemann 2004). In the present study, we also found that TLA, SLA and LAR of invasive populations were generally greater than those of native populations, which suggests that invasive Sapium plants in the introduced range have developed a strategy that minimizes carbon costs associated with photosynthesis, making more carbon available for tissue growth. Total number of leaves (TLN) per seedling did not significantly differ between native and invasive population types, but it significantly differed among populations within each type (Tables 2 and 3). The morphological and physiological traits measured in this study proved to be powerful in discriminating between invasive and native population types of Sapium , and, therefore, may be important factors contributing to its invasive success in the introduced range. If you do not receive an email within 10 minutes, your email address may not be registered, Another possible mechanism contributing to invasive plant success is through increasing net CO2 A. Contrary to the prediction, we found no significant difference in RD between two population types of Sapium over the whole season. The small set of studies on physiological traits contrasts with hundreds of studies on morphology and life histories in a range of organisms. This hypothesis is supported by the result of Wilsey & Polley (2006) who showed that RSRs of introduced grasses were lower than those of native grasses when they were grown in a common environmental condition. 2006, Zou, Rogers & Siemann, unpublished data). Shifts in the individual traits may work in combination to determine alternative adaptive strategies of invasive populations relative to native populations of Sapium. In these EICA studies, some approaches have been used, such as examining phenotypic plasticity across different environments, genetic analysis, or comparing performance of native and invasive populations in a common garden (Bossdorf et al. As a result, the combination of lower RSR and higher A, and TLA may have important implications for their invasive success in the introduced range. From the preceding paragraphs, it can be concluded that physiological traits appear to have intermediate heritabilities, lying between those of life‐history and morphological traits (similar to behavioural traits, see Mousseau & Roff 1987). Aboveground productivity and root–shoot allocation differ between native and introduced grass species, Increased susceptibility to enemies following introduction in the invasive plant, Static opaque chamber‐based technique for determination of net exchange of CO, British Ecological Society, 42 Wharf Road, London, N1 7GS, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2007.01298.x. 2015).Morphological traits (such as plant height and tiller number)could therefore be considered as potential indicators for indirect selection of durum wheat with water-deficit stress tolerance. Even though the genetic constitution had a significant effect on eight morphological (leaf and root-related) traits, we found no relation between the genetic differences between any two families and the corresponding growth differences.

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