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The exact timing and pathways outside of Africa are still under debate, perhaps out of East Africa, perhaps along with a southern route from South Africa. The predominant theory then was that H. erectus gave rise to Neanderthals and then modern humans in Europe; and in Asia, modern humans evolved separately directly from H. erectus. [41], Xinzhi Wu has argued for a morphological clade in China spanning the Pleistocene, characterized by a combination of 10 features. "A regional approach to the problem of the origin of modern humans in Australasia". The analysis found a multimodal distribution of coalescence times to the most recent common ancestor for those sites, contrary to the predictions for recent African replacement; in particular, there were more coalescence times near 2 million years ago (mya) than expected, suggesting an ancient population split around the time humans first emerged from Africa as Homo erectus, rather than more recently as suggested by the mitochondrial data. In: G. Bräuer, and F.H. (2004) argue for a sizable Neanderthal contribution to modern Europeans. Anthrop. As more and more distantly-related fossil hominins were identified in the 1920s and 1930s, such as Australopithecus, it became clear that human evolution was much older than previously considered and much more varied. The only hominin (ancient human) fossils known in the 19th century were Neanderthals, early modern humans, and H. erectus. Human evolution - Human evolution - Language, culture, and lifeways in the Pleistocene: The origin and development of human culture—articulate spoken language and symbolically mediated ideas, beliefs, and behaviour—are among the greatest unsolved puzzles in the study of human evolution. Sarah A. Tishkoff, et al. [57][58][59] Examples include the Lapedo child found in Portugal[60] and the Oase 1 mandible from Peștera cu Oase, Romania,[61] though the Lapedo child is disputed by some.[62]. In the 1970s, paleontologist W.W. Howells proposed an alternate theory: the first Recent African Origin model (RAO), called the "Noah's Ark" hypothesis. 95, 14-50). All but the multiregional model maintain that H. sapiens evolved solely in Africa and then deployed to Eurasia and eventually the Americas and Oceania. He found that: "a plurality (eight) of the seventeen non-metric features link Sangiran to modern Australians" and that these "are suggestive of morphological continuity, which implies the presence of a genetic continuum in Australasia dating back at least one million years"[36] but Colin Groves has criticized Kramer's methodology, pointing out that the polarity of characters was not tested and that the study is actually inconclusive. Background: How Did the Idea of MRE Arise? Regarding the latter, Frayer observes a sequence of nasal narrowing in Neanderthals, following through to late Upper Palaeolithic and Holocene (Mesolithic) crania. The low genetic differences among human populations are a result of a history of gene flow between ancient populations. (2000) note that regional continuity only recognizes combinations of features, not traits if individually accessed, a point they elsewhere compare to the forensic identification of a human skeleton: Regional continuity... is not the claim that such features do not appear elsewhere; the genetic structure of the human species makes such a possibility unlikely to the extreme. The multiregional hypothesis, multiregional evolution (MRE), or polycentric hypothesis is a scientific model that provides an alternative explanation to the more widely accepted "Out of Africa" model of monogenesis for the pattern of human evolution. Genetic data demonstrate that such introgression did occur, but it is likely to have been minimal. In: Thorne, A.G. (1981). What about other peoples of the world. Despite this, multiregionalism is still confused with polygenism, or Coon's model of racial origins, from which Wolpoff and his colleagues have distanced themselves. [39] This combination, Habgood says, has a "certain Australianness about it". Major transitions in human evolution revisited: A tribute to ancient DNA. Here the … [48] Frayer et al. Today, we are part of this same species, which has evolved greatly over time to a very different morphology and behavior from the first humans. The ‘multiregional model’ proposes that modern humans arose independently in different regions of the world, with sufficient gene flow between the regions to maintain the unity of the species, and share a most recent common ancestor who lived over one million years ago. Evidence for this is that between 1 to 4% of genomes in people who are non-Africans are derived from Neanderthals. In 1991, Andrew Kramer tested 17 proposed morphological clade features. Archaic human admixture with modern humans, https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Weidenreichs-network-of-human-evolution-as-illustrated-in-his-book-Apes-Giants-and_fig2_271701682, https://books.google.co.in/books?id=dOC38AS_VfkC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false, American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(200005)112:1<129::AID-AJPA11>3.0.CO;2-K, "Sixty years of modern human origins in the American Anthropological Association", "Modern human origins: progress and prospects", "Why we are not all multiregionalists now", Human evolution in China: a metric description of the fossils and a review of the sites, "Neanderthal taxonomy reconsidered: Implications of 3D primate models of intra- and interspecific differences", "European early modern humans and the fate of the Neandertals", "The early Upper Paleolithic human skeleton from the Abrigo do Lagar Velho (Portugal) and modern human emergence in Iberia", "An early modern human from the Peştera cu Oase, Romania", "Hominids and hybrids: The place of Neanderthals in human evolution", "Genetic evidence and the modern human origins debate", "Selection, nuclear genetic variation, and mtDNA", 10.1002/(sici)1520-6505(1998)7:1<1::aid-evan1>3.3.co;2-w, "Out of Africa and Back Again: Nested Cladistic Analysis of Human Y Chromosome Variation", "Heterogeneous patterns of variation among multiple human x-linked Loci: the possible role of diversity-reducing selection in non-africans", https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ff0jwWaPlnU, "Fixation of the Human-Specific CMP-N-Acetylneuraminic Acid Hydroxylase Pseudogene and Implications of Haplotype Diversity for Human Evolution", "X chromosome evidence for ancient human histories", "Population Genetic Analysis of the N-Acylsphingosine Amidohydrolase Gene Associated With Mental Activity in Humans", "Deep Haplotype Divergence and Long-Range Linkage Disequilibrium at Xp21.1 Provide Evidence That Humans Descend From a Structured Ancestral Population", "Worldwide distribution of NAT2 diversity: Implications for NAT2 evolutionary history", "Deciphering the Ancient and Complex Evolutionary History of Human Arylamine N-Acetyltransferase Genes", "Evidence for archaic Asian ancestry on the human X chromosome", "Testing for Archaic Hominin Admixture on the X Chromosome: Model Likelihoods for the Modern Human RRM2P4 Region From Summaries of Genealogical Topology Under the Structured Coalescent", "Evolutionary Toggling of the MAPT 17q21.31 Inversion Region", "H1 tau haplotype-related genomic variation at 17q21.3 as an Asian heritage of the European Gypsy population", "A common inversion under selection in Europeans", "Evidence that the adaptive allele of the brain size gene microcephalin introgressed into Homo sapiens from an archaic Homo lineage", "A draft sequence of the Neandertal genome", "The microcephalin ancestral allele in a Neanderthal individual", "Haplotype Trees and Modern Human Origins", "An X-Linked Haplotype of Neandertal Origin Is Present Among All Non-African Populations", "Denisova Admixture and the First Modern Human Dispersals into Southeast Asia and Oceania", "Sequencing and Analysis of Neanderthal Genomic DNA", "A Draft Sequence of the Neandertal Genome", "Genetic history of an archaic hominin group from Denisova Cave in Siberia", "The Shaping of Modern Human Immune Systems by Multiregional Admixture with Archaic Humans", "Genetic Similarities Within and Between Human Populations", http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/275670/human-evolution, Plural Lineages in the Human mtDNA Genome, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Multiregional_origin_of_modern_humans&oldid=1000216070, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 14 January 2021, at 04:04. Based on paleoanthropological data rather than genetic evidence, the theory says that after H. erectus arrived in the various regions in the world hundreds of thousands of years ago, they slowly evolved into modern humans. There are two models in modern anthropology which try to explain the origins of modern humans. [94][95][96][97] In the case of the Microcephalin D allele, evidence for rapid recent expansion indicated introgression from an archaic population. Human evolution at the peripheries: the pattern at the eastern edge. (1992). In: P. Mellars & CB. Our pres… Hirst, K. Kris. Although the study of human mitochondrial DNAs supported this single-origin and complete-replacement model, a … The probability that a single species evolved multiple times around the world is zero. "[28], Frayer et al. Shovel-shaped incisors are commonly cited as evidence for regional continuity in China. Toetik Koesbardiati in her PhD thesis "On the Relevance of the Regional Continuity Features of the Face in East Asia" also found that a form of facial flatness is unique to China (i.e. A 1987 analysis of mitochondrial DNA from 147 people by Cann et al. The relationship between census size and effective size is complex, but arguments … They discuss the fact that there are different degrees of "shovelled" e.g. A second group finds the same ancient origin for PDHA1, but finds no evidence of a recent expansion, consistent with other autosomal and X chromosome sites and contrary to mitochondrial data. A primary objection from a population genetics perspective to a multiregional model of modern human origins is that the model posits a large census size, whereas genetic data suggest a small effective population size. (1997). Smith (eds.). Proponents of the multiregional hypothesis see regional continuity of certain morphological traits spanning the Pleistocene in different regions across the globe as evidence against a single replacement model from Africa. Groves, C. P. (1989). [105], In a 2005 review and analysis of the genetic lineages of 25 chromosomal regions, Alan Templeton found evidence of more than 34 occurrences of gene flow between Africa and Eurasia. This is a misrepresentation of the term "continuity" as explicitly employed in the multiregional model, by confusing the continuity of features with a claim of unique descent, 5 and as noted above, most modern human origins explanations agree about where the majority of Pleistocene humans lived. Facial flatness as a morphological clade feature has been rejected by many anthropologists since it is found on many early African Homo erectus fossils, and is therefore considered plesiomorphic,[45] but Wu has responded that the form of facial flatness in the Chinese fossil record appears distinct to other (i.e. They concluded that the diversity of these recent humans could not "result exclusively from a single late Pleistocene dispersal", and implied dual ancestry for each region, involving interbreeding with Africans.[33]. His claims are disputed by others,[54] but have received support from Wolpoff, who regards late Neanderthal specimens to be "transitional" in nasal form between earlier Neanderthals and later Cro Magnons. [5][6][3] Wolpoff credits Franz Weidenreich's "Polycentric" hypothesis of human origins as a major influence, but cautions that this should not be confused with polygenism, or Carleton Coon's model that minimized gene flow. Human evolution - Human evolution - The emergence of Homo sapiens: The relationships among Australopithecus, K. platyops, Paranthropus, and the direct ancestors of Homo are unknown. Frayer, D. W. [17] Outside of China, the Multiregional hypothesis has limited support, held only by a small number of paleoanthropologists. In human evolution: The emergence of Homo sapiens. "Multiregional Hypothesis: Human Evolutionary Theory." Wolpoff, M.H., A.G. Thorne, F.H. primitive) forms. Begun, DR. (2013). [9], Through the influence of Howells, many other anthropologists and biologists have confused multiregionalism with polygenism i.e. Neanderthal mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences from Feldhofer and Vindija Cave are substantially different from modern human mtDNA. [49][50][51] The sequence starts with the earliest dated Neanderthal specimens (Krapina and Saccopastore skulls) traced through the mid-Late Pleistocene (e.g. [3] Proponents of multiregionalism point to fossil and genomic data and continuity of archaeological cultures as support for their hypothesis. Intermediate are the African hybridization-and-replacement model and the assimilation model. Pope: Multiregional Evolution: A World-Wide Source for Modern Human Populations. Since the early 1990s, David W. Frayer has described what he regards as a morphological clade in Europe. A lot of those early scholars didn't even think those fossils were humans or related to us at all. The question of a unique African origin for modern humans, the “Eve” theory, is discussed by S. A. Tishkoff et al. Yet, regardless of these criticisms Habgood (2003) allows for limited regional continuity in Indonesia and Australia, recognizing four plesiomorphic features which do not appear in such a unique combination on fossils in any other region: a sagittally flat frontal bone, with a posterior position of minimum frontal breadth, great facial prognathism, and zygomaxillary tuberosities. [31] Critics of multiregionalism have pointed out that no single human trait is unique to a geographical region (i.e. Science 28 Sep 2017 Geographical distribution of the archaic RRM2P4lineage in 17 population samples Evidence for Archaic Asian "Interpretations of the fossil material". Liujiang) and recent Chinese. The multiregional hypothesis holds that modern humans emerged from populations of "archaic" hominids in Africa, Europe, and Asia that evolved locally but also exchanged genes. Discover surprising insights and little-known facts about politics, literature, science, and the marvels of the natural world. Such a recent replacement scenario is not compatible with the Multiregional hypothesis and the mtDN… Wolpoff stresses that regional continuity works in conjunction with genetic exchanges between populations. (1991) "The case against Eve", The CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase. In: Frayer, D. W. (1992). trace (+), semi (++), and marked (+++), but that Stringer misleadingly lumped all these together: "...combining shoveling categories in this manner is biologically meaningless and misleading, as the statistic cannot be validly compared with the very high frequencies for the marked shoveling category reported for East Asians. But the multiregional model a little bit true (There was some interbreeding geneflow). In human evolution: The emergence of Homo sapiens At one extreme is multiregional evolution, or the regional continuity model. The historic reason for linking Coon's and Weidenreich's ideas came from the mischaracterizations of Weidenreich's Polycentric model as a candelabra (Howells, 1942, 1944, 1959, 1993), that made his Polycentric model appear much more similar to Coon's than it actually was. G. Thorne: 1984, "Modern Homo Sapiens Origins: A General Theory of Hominid Evolution Involving the Fossil Evidence from east Asia". Multiregional evolution holds that the human species first arose around two million years ago and subsequent human evolution has been within a single, continuous human species. In: Wolpoff, M. H. (1985). Neither Neanderthals nor Denisovans survived into the modern period, except as a handful of genes, perhaps because they were unable to adapt to the unstable climates in the world or competition with H. sapiens. [90][91] For example, analyses of a region of RRM2P4 (ribonucleotide reductase M2 subunit pseudogene 4) showed a coalescence time of about 2 Mya, with a clear root in Asia,[92][93] while the MAPT locus at 17q21.31 is split into two deep genetic lineages, one of which is common in and largely confined to the present European population, suggesting inheritance from Neanderthals. "Perspectives on Neanderthals as ancestors". In the mid-19th century, when Darwin wrote Origin of Species, the only lines of evidence of human evolution he had were comparative anatomy and a few fossils. [13], In 1998, Wu founded a China-specific Multiregional model called "Continuity with [Incidental] Hybridization". Recent studies have established that genetic diversities are mostly maintained by selection, therefore rendering the present molecular model of human origins untenable. [16] However, James Leibold, a political historian of modern China, has argued the support for Wu's model is largely rooted in Chinese nationalism. Wolpoff, initially skeptical of Thorne's claims, became convinced when reconstructing the Sangiran 17 Homo erectus skull from Indonesia, when he was surprised that the skull's face to vault angle matched that of the Australian modern human Kow Swamp 1 skull in excessive prognathism. However, genetic and paleoanthropological evidence gathered since the 1980s has shown conclusively that that simply cannot be the case: Homo sapiens evolved in Africa and dispersed out into the world, somewhere between 50,000-62,000 years ago. An Admixture of Humans With Regional Archaics, Identifying Genetic Diversity in Human Kind. Although MRE has not been seriously considered for decades, now it seems possible that modern African migrants hybridized with local archaics in different regions of the world. [82], An early analysis of 15 noncoding sites on the X chromosome found additional inconsistencies with the recent African replacement hypothesis. [110][111] In late 2010, a recently discovered non-Neanderthal archaic human, the Denisova hominin from south-western Siberia, was found to share 4–6% more of its genome with living Melanesian humans than with any other living group, supporting admixture between two regions outside of Africa. These inferences are inconsistent with both the multiregional and the replacement models of modern human origins. [114] Proponents of the multiregional hypothesis believe the combination of regional continuity inside and outside of Africa and lateral gene transfer between various regions around the world supports the multiregional hypothesis. These views were opposed by the German biologist Ernst Haeckel, who was a proponent of the Out of Asia theory. [42][43] The sequence is said to start with Lantian and Peking Man, traced to Dali, to Late Pleistocene specimens (e.g. The differences were stark and testable: if MRE was right, there would be various levels of ancient genetics (alleles) found in modern people in scattered regions of the world and transitional fossil forms and levels of morphological continuity. [30] According to Wolpoff and Thorne (1981): "We do not regard a morphological clade as a unique lineage, nor do we believe it necessary to imply a particular [37] Dr. Phillip Habgood discovered that the characters said to be unique to the Australasian region by Thorne are plesiomorphic: ...it is evident that all of the characters proposed... to be 'clade features' linking Indonesian Homo erectus material with Australian Aboriginal crania are retained primitive features present on Homo erectus and archaic Homo sapiens crania in general. Instead, these populations always exchanged genes with each other through recurrent gene flow. They are replacement models and multiregional models. But in 2002, Alan Templeton published a genetic analysis involving other loci in the genome as well, and this showed that some variants that are present in modern populations existed already in Asia hundreds of thousands of years ago. [55] Based on other cranial similarities, Wolpoff et al. Such a recent replacement scenario is not compatible with the Multiregional hypothesis and the mtDNA results led to increased popularity for the alternative single replacement theory. [26] This meant that even if our male line (Y chromosome) and our female line (mitochondrial DNA) came out of Africa in the last 100,000 years or so, we have inherited other genes from populations that were already outside of Africa. [44] He did though note that three combined: a non-depressed nasal root, non-projecting perpendicularly oriented nasal bones and facial flatness are unique to the Chinese region in the fossil record and may be evidence for limited regional continuity. The multiregional model is an in- origins that does fit all the currently its variation; the same has been found in traspecific, network model, fundamen- known data. The cladistic relationship of humans with the African apes was suggested by Charles Darwin after studying the behaviour of African apes, one of which was displayed at the London Zoo. In: Habgood, P.J. Using improved methods and public data, we have revisited human evolution and derived an age of 1.91-1.96 million years for the first split … Main article: Multiregional origin of modern humans Drawing on this background and research experience, Wolpoff's continuing research in the last 15 years has been the development, articulation, and defense of his multiregional model of human evolution. Based on paleoanthropological data rather than genetic evidence, the theory says that after H. … We believe it comes from the confusion of Weidenreich's ideas, and ultimately of our own, with Coon's. Both of the replacement models argue that anatomically modern emigrants replaced resident Eurasian and Australasian species of H. sapiens … [14][15] Wu's variant only applies the Multiregional hypothesis to the East Asian fossil record, and is popular among Chinese scientists. The most startling news from a human evolution sense is some evidence for mixing between Neanderthals and Eurasians. Multiregional origin evolution of modern humans. understand the arguments for and against the replacement vs. the multiregional origin models for the origins of modern humans explain the profound behavioral changes associated with modern humans, such as new technology, and the use of symbolism and art The analysis suggested that this reflected the worldwide expansion of modern humans as a new species, replacing, rather than mixing with, local archaic humans outside of Africa. "[28] Palaeoanthropologist Fred H. Smith (2009) also emphasizes that: "It is the pattern of shoveling that identities as an East Asian regional feature, not just the occurrence of shoveling of any sort". confined to one population and not found in any other) but Wolpoff et al. [64][65][66] According to Wolpoff and colleagues: "When they were first published, the Mitochondrial Eve results were clearly incongruous with Multiregional evolution, and we wondered how the two could be reconciled. [4] Multiregionalists argue that marked (+++) shovel-shaped incisors only appear in China at a high frequency, and have <10% occurrence elsewhere. "Replacement, continuity and the origin of Homo sapiens". Hominid Evolution: past, present and future, 355–65. In general, three major regions are recognized: Europe, China, and Indonesia (often including Australia). https://www.thoughtco.com/multiregional-hypothesis-167235 (accessed March 12, 2021). "The Centre and the Edge: The significance of Australian hominids to African Palaeoanthropology". [69][70][71] Wu and Thorne have questioned the reliability of the molecular clock used to date Eve. All but the multiregional model maintain that H. sapiens evolved solely in Africa and then deployed to Eurasia and eventually the Americas and Oceania. "'Filling in the Nation: The Spatial Trajectory of Prehistoric Archaeology in Twentieth-Century China," in. [34][35] This sequence is said to consist of the earliest fossils from Sangiran, Java, that can be traced through Ngandong and found in prehistoric and recent Aboriginal Australians. (1993) consider there to be at least four features in combination that are unique to the European fossil record: a horizontal-oval shaped mandibular foramen, anterior mastoid tubercle, suprainiac fossa and narrowing of the nasal breadth associated with tooth-size reduction. The competing model, multiregional evolution (MRE), posits that the number of human ancestors has been large, occupying much of the temperate Old World for the last two million years. If RAO was right, there should be very few alleles older than the origins of anatomically modern humans in Eurasia, and a decrease in genetic diversity as you get away from Africa. (1997). At the other is the African replacement, or “out of Africa,” model. The discovery of a completely new species called the Denisovans threw another stone in the pot: even though we have very little evidence of Denisovan existence, some of their DNA has survived in some human populations.​. There may be uniqueness in combinations of traits, but no single trait is likely to have been unique in a particular part of the world although it might appear to be so because of the incomplete sampling provided by the spotty human fossil record. The finding that "Mitochondrial Eve" was relatively recent and African seemed to give the upper hand to the proponents of the Out of Africa hypothesis. The four faces of Eve: hypothesis compatibility and human origins. Modern human origins: multiregional evolution of autosomes and East Asia origin of Y and mtDNA. Nairobi: National Museums of Kenya. Her work has appeared in scholarly publications such as Archaeology Online and Science. [18], Chris Stringer, a leading proponent of the more mainstream recent African origin theory, debated Multiregionalists such as Wolpoff and Thorne in a series of publications throughout the late 1980s and 1990s. [108], By 2006, extraction of DNA directly from some archaic human samples was becoming possible. Between the 1980's and today, over 18,000 whole human mtDNA genomes have been published from people all over the world, and they all coalesce within the last 200,000 years and all the non-African lineages only 50,000-60,000 years old or younger. In its revised form, it is similar to the Assimilation Model, which holds that modern humans originated in Africa and today share a predominant recent African origin, but have also absorbed small, geographically variable, degrees of admixture from other regional (archaic) hominin species.[4]. Although many anthropologists consider Neanderthals and Cro Magnons morphologically distinct,[52][53] Frayer maintains quite the opposite and points to their similarities, which he argues is evidence for regional continuity: "Contrary to Brauer's recent pronouncement that there is a large and generally recognized morphological gap between the Neanderthals and the early moderns, the actual evidence provided by the extensive fossil record of late Pleistocene Europe shows considerable continuity between Neanderthals and subsequent Europeans. [98][99][100][101] However, later analysis, including of the genomes of Neanderthals, did not find the Microcephalin D allele (in the proposed archaic species), nor evidence that it had introgressed from an archaic lineage as previously suggested. Howells argued that H. sapiens evolved solely in Africa. Under the Multiregional evolution hypothesis, the first humans to leave Africa 1.8 million years ago never divided into different species. [11][12] Wolpoff has also defended Wiedenreich's Polycentric hypothesis from being labeled polyphyletic. Stringer (eds). The Multiregional Hypothesis model of human evolution (abbreviated MRE and known alternatively as Regional Continuity or Polycentric model) argues that our earliest hominid ancestors (specifically Homo erectus) evolved in Africa and then radiated out into the world. A 1987 analysis of mitochondrial DNA from 147 people by Cann et al. The Multiregional Model of modern human origins predicts that a group of features, recognized as characterizing the evolution of regional populations from their archaic regional ancestors, will consistently show higher incidence in those regions.

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