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2007a). Bres., G. weberianum (Sacc.) Detailed morphological descriptions and illustrations are provided in addition to discussion of nomenclature implications. Overholts, L. O. Copyright: © 2012 Wang et al. In addition to the holotype (HMAS 42798), a paratype (HMAS 43728) was also cited in the protologue. basidiospores. PLoS ONE 7(7): No, Is the Subject Area "Polymerase chain reaction" applicable to this article? He, G. shandongense J.D. long and subcylindrical cutis elements (45–60×10–18 µm), colourless skeletal and ligative hyphae, absent of Bovista-type ligative hyphae, small and slightly echinulate basidiospores, and presence of chlamydospores in context. Yu & Y.S. Wu 844, HMAS 62418; Dushan, on dead tree, 19 Aug. 1930, Y. Jiang 6475, HMAS 7750; Duyun, on deak oak, 13 Jul. A: HMAS 42798, holotype of G. sichuanense; A-1. The Q-value (length: breadth ratios) for each spore was calculated and the mean value was used in the description. This has led to variation in their listed morphological characteristics, even within the same species (Hong et al. Wu 570, HMAS 48243; Kunming, on stump of Quercus sp., 1942, W.F. lucidum’ in macroscopic morphology. J denoted the length of cutis elements: 1. short (25–45 µm); 2. moderate (30–60 µm); 3. long (50–100 µm). 1959, Z. Deng, HMAS 25103; Haidian, cultivated, s.d., s.coll., 141, HMAS 42780; Haidian, cultivated, 2009, R.J. Xi & X.C. Tuner (1981) has reported that fifteen species of Ganoderma are more likely the pathogens associated with BSR disease from different part of the world. Patouillard revised Karsten's … G: tuber length; G-1: short, less than 0.5 cm (HMAS 240177); G-2: long, more than 1 cm (HMAS 240187). Conceived and designed the experiments: YJY. The genus Ganoderma contains polypores that feature distinctive, double-walled, chambered-looking spores (see the illustration to the right). 1959, Q.Z. The strains were stored at 4°C on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium and sub-cultivated at 25°C in liquid PDA medium for 14 days to collect the mycelia for DNA extraction. Morphological observations mainly followed the methods described previously by Wang et al. Absence. 1959, Q.Z. Li & D.M. The clade received very strong support by both MP and Bayesian analyses (BP = 100%, PP = 1.00) and was phylogenetically separated from the true G. lucidum from England in the 3-gene analyses (Fig. As stated above, G. lucidum has been misapplied to many different species of Ganoderma around the world, and conservation of this name for Ling-zhi will not provide a universal solution. tissue of cutis; B-4. BEIJING CITY, Haidian, cultivated, Jun. Numerical taxonomy study using the Gower Coefficient Similarities presented by UPGMA showed that the 35 of Ganoderma specimens were segregated based on their appearances, laccate and non - laccate. lucidum’ collected from mainland China and tropical Asia was also separated into two lineages in molecular studies [11], [12], [14], [15]. basidiospores. In total, there are 20 new laccate species and one new laccate variety with light-coloured context described from China. and 6.5–8.5×5.0–6.5 µm sine myxosp. ); the true G. lucidum from Europe in the longer and subcylindrical cutis elements (J-3 and K-2, 50–80 µm long), the absence of Bovista-type ligative hyphae (L-2) and the larger basidiospores (M-3, 11.0–13.5×8.5–10.0 µm cum myxosp.). Wang SY12, HMAS 240179; Jiaohe, cultivated, 2009, R.J. Xi & X.C. The world trade market value of ‘G. Ganoderma species identification and circumscriptions have often been unclear and taxonomic segregation of the genus has been controversial (Moncalvo et al. A revised family-level classification of the Polyporales (Basidiomycota). Performed the experiments: XCW. lucidum’ and one strain of Tomophagus colossus (Fr.) Isolates used in medicinal studies and the commercially cultivated strains are generally named ‘Ganoderma lucidum’. B: HMAS 43728, paratype of G. sichuanense; B-1. G. lucidum has been used as a medical remedy in China and Japan for centuries. E: Ganoderma lucidum from U.K., HMAS 86597; E-1. Yes lucidum’, specimens from the type locality of G. sichuanense, and specimens of the closely related species studied. pore surface; B-3. 3-E-3 to 3-E-5). Lu 2462, HMAS 7502; ibid., Sept. 1958, G.J. E: pileus thickness; E-1: one layer and thin (HMAS 240177); E-2: several layers and thick (HMAS 240187). Morphological similarities and differences of the six species of Ganoderma are presented in the table in Fig. Although the name ‘Ganoderma lucidum’, a species originally described from England, has been applied to the fungus, their identities are not the same. Amplification of DNA fragments from 28 collections and the four living strains was successfully obtained. Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst. Background: DNA barcoding can be used to authenticate Ganodermaspecies for safe use. A: Ganoderma multipileum from Sichuan, China, HMAS 242384; A-1. top view of basidioma; C-2. Pegler DN (2002) Useful fungi of the world: the Ling-zhi – the mushroom of immortality. Ganoderma Sessile Identification and Description Cap: Medium to large, kidney-shaped, shelf-like. 1-C-1 and 1-C-2); the surface of pileus was either with radial furrows or with concentrically sulcate zones (Figs. Stipe 2.0–9.0 cm long, 1.0–4.0 cm thick, lateral to eccentric, cylindrical or flattened, bay to black, laccate. G denoted the length of tuber: 1. short (less than one third of the pileus thickness); 2. long (more than one third of the pileus thickness). pore surface; C-3. Diversidad y distribución de Ganoderma (Polyporales: Ganodermataceae) en Sonora, México. They can be found all over the world. High variability was observed in macroscopic characters of the Chinese ‘G. 1-B-1); attachment of the stipe to the pileus varied from lateral to nearly central (Figs. Since the topology of the Bayesian consensus tree was nearly identical to that of MP analyses, one of the 947 equally parsimonious trees was presented in Fig. 1. Ganoderma multipileum and G. tropicum were the sister groups of ‘G. A. Smith & R. A. Blanchette (2018). Despite the importance of this genus, knowledge pertaining to the species diversity of Ganoderma in South Africa is limited. No specific permits were required for the described field sampling because the locations are not privately-owned or protected in any way and the field studies did not involve endangered or protected species. lucidum’. PLOS One 13: e0199738. C: HMAS 47694, authentic specimen of G. sichuanense; C-1. Letters J to N indicate microscopic differences of the six species in the length and shape of cutis elements, presence of Bovista-type ligative hyphae and the length and ornament of the basidiospores. Deng 17607, HMAS 16489. Funding: This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30970015, 30270006), the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KSCX2-YW-G-074-04, KSCX2-SW-101C), the scheme of Introduction of Overseas Outstanding Talents operated by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the National Science Funds for Distinguished Young Scholars from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30025002), and the Science and Technology Planting Project of Guangdong Province (2010BO90300040). [ Basidiomycota > Polyporales > Polyporaceae . D: HMAS 251146, recent field collection of G. sichuanense from the type locality; D-1. He and small size (less than 9.0 µm long) in G. daiqingshanense J.D. 1, showing the high variability of the Chinese ‘G.

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